Objective: Among the common cancers, breast cancer is one of the important health issues that many people are involved with. Therefore, regular mammograms are a method for early diagnosis of the disease. Given the low rate of mammography in Iran, the aim of this study was to investigate the Role of breast cancer worry and mammography self efficacy in intention and mammography screening behavior. Method: participants in this study were all women with aged 40-60 years in 1 and 2 area in Arak. The study sample consisted of 305 women, aged 40-60. Participation answered Breast Cancer Worry Scale (BCWS, champion, 2005), Mammography Self-Efficacy Scale (MSS, Lerman, 1991) and planned behavior theory questioner (PBTQ, Sargezi and etal, 1393) (parts of intention an act). Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software. Findings: A significant was observed between breast cancer worry and mammography screening. According to data analysis, relationship between high and moderate level of breast cancer worry and mammograms intention was significant, and high concern was associated with mammography screening behavior (p≤ 0/01). The findings also showed that the relationship between high level of self-efficacy and intention and behavior of mammography screening is positive and meaningful (p≤ 0/01). Conclusion: High levels of breast cancer worry can be a motivating factor for mammography screening. Also, higher mammography self-efficacy predicts a higher rate of mammography screening intent and action.

Aims: Early detection of breast cancer through mammography is effective in reducing mortality associated with this cancer. This study aimed to determine the effect of Protection Motivation Theory-based education on the intention to undergo mammography among teachers in District 4 of Tehran. Materials & Methods: This interventional study was conducted on 250 teachers in Tehran, who were randomly divided into an intervention group (125 participants) and a control group (125 participants) in 2024. The data collection tool was a questionnaire on women’s participation in breast cancer screening based on protection motivation theory, which included 56 items and 8 dimensions. The educational intervention based on protection motivation theory was conducted in four sessions, held bi-weekly, for the intervention group. Data were analyzed by SPSS 26 using chi-square tests, paired t-tests, and covariance analysis. Findings: After the educational intervention, the mean scores of the constructs of protection motivation theory and the intention to undergo mammography showed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups (p<0. 05). Conclusion: The educational intervention using protection motivation theory is effective in increasing women’s intention to participate in breast cancer screening programs and undergo mammography.

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women. This cancer could be easily intervened and even treated if it is diagnosed in the early stages. A screening program has been provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) to diagnose this cancer in the early stages and treat it successfully. Women refuse to undergo mammography for various reasons such as lack of knowledge about the necessity of doing mammography, low educational level, low household income, and woman’s unemployment, having no medical insurance, having no family history of breast diseases, and a woman’s lack of breast problems. This study aims to investigate the effective factors in performing screening mammography among women. Methods: All the clients referring to the mammography center were included in the study to determine the desired sample size. In total, 150 individuals were selected and questions were asked of them. The questionnaire consisted of 17 items. In the first part of the questionnaire, demographic information including age, educational level, occupation, place of residence, insurance status, and monthly household income was asked. The second part included women’s fertility history in terms of number of children, using hormonal methods of contraception, and other information like history of breast cancer and family history of breast cancer. In the last part, women under study were divided into 2 groups, one of them had done screening mammography before coming to the hospital and another group did not. We asked the second group about their reasons for refusing to do mammography in the past and we asked from first group about the source of information they had about doing mammography. The data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed. Results: There was no significant correlation between doing screening mammography and educational level, age, place of residence, having health insurance, being employed and type of occupation, number of children, income level, using contraceptive methods, and family history of breast cancer. A significant correlation was observed between performing screening mammography and women’s history of benign tumors (p<0. 05, X2=7. 44). A significant correlation was found between performing screening mammography and women’s history of a malignant tumor (p<0. 05 and X2=7. 143)

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer after cervical cancer and the leading causes of death in women in Zambia. To overcome this challenge, a national early diagnosis of breast cancer programme has been established by the Ministry of Health which includes offering mammography services. This paper aims to review the status of the mammography services in Zambia. The availability of mammography services has significantly improved the diagnosis of breast cancer in this country. However, the delivery of services is being humped by numerous challenges such as lack of awareness, the inconsistent supply of consumables, limited human resources, and lack of education and training programs. There is a need to improve the delivery of mammography services by establishing a well-structured and specialized workforce and bringing services closer to the community.